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Frage
von CodeSnake
17.05.2023, 19:26
Frage wurde 1 Mal erneut gestellt
Wozu das super()-__init__(**kwargs)?

Bei dem Code im Anhang, der Hangman als Python App mit dem Kivy Framework erstellt, weiß ich nicht wozu man die Zeile mit dem super() braucht. Also warum muss man die **kwargs Argumente an die Basisklasse weitergeben?

class HangmanGame(BoxLayout):    
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
            super().__init__(**kwargs)
            self.word_list = ["python", "java", "ruby", "javascript", "php"]
            self.guess_word = []
            self.secret_word = ""
            self.remaining_guesses = 6
        self.img_path = "img/hangman_{}.png"
        self.create_game_layout()
        self.new_game()


    def create_game_layout(self):
        self.orientation = "vertical"
        self.image = Image(source=self.img_path.format(0))
        self.word_label = Label(text=" ".join(self.guess_word),
                                font_size="50sp",
                                halign="center",
                                valign="middle")
        self.remaining_guesses_label = Label(text=f"Remaining guesses: {self.remaining_guesses}")
        self.input_label = Label(text="Enter a letter:")
        self.input = TextInput(multiline=False)
        self.submit_button = Button(text="Submit", 

#Hier fehlt was unwichtiges, weil die Frage zu lang war

    def new_game(self):
        self.secret_word = random.choice(self.word_list)
        self.guess_word = ["_"] * len(self.secret_word)
        self.remaining_guesses = 6
        self.image.source = self.img_path.format(0)
        self.input.text = ""
        self.word_label.text = " ".join(self.guess_word)
        self.remaining_guesses_label.text = f"Remaining guesses: {self.remaining_guesses}"


    def check_letter(self, instance):
        letter = self.input.text
        if letter in self.secret_word:
            for i, c in enumerate(self.secret_word):
                if c == letter:
                    self.guess_word[i] = letter
            if "_" not in self.guess_word:
                self.end_game(True)
        else:
            self.remaining_guesses -= 1
            self.image.source = self.img_path.format(6 - self.remaining_guesses)
            self.remaining_guesses_label.text = f"Remaining guesses: {self.remaining_guesses}"
            if self.remaining_guesses == 0:
                self.end_game(False)
        self.input.text = ""
        self.word_label.text = " ".join(self.guess_word)


    def end_game(self, victory):
        message = "Congratulations, you won!" if victory else f"Sorry, the word was {self.secret_word}."
        self.remaining_guesses_label.text = message
        self.remove_widget(self.input_label)
        self.remove_widget(self.input)
        self.remove_widget(self.submit_button)
        self.add_widget(Button(text="New Game", on_press=self.new_game))



class HangmanApp(App):


    def build(self):
        Window.clearcolor = (0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1)
        return HangmanGame()


HangmanApp().run()
programmieren, Python, Instanz, Python 3, Objektorientierte Programmierung
2 Antworten
Frage
von CodeSnake
13.05.2023, 15:57
Frage wurde 1 Mal erneut gestellt
Warum werden in diesem Code Klassen verwendet?

Also was für einen Vorteil hat das?:

Der Code ist für ein Tic-Tac-Toe-Spiel

class Board():
    def __init__(self):
        self.state = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

    def make_turn(self, cell, player):
        if self.is_valid_turn(cell):
            self.state[cell] = player.symbol
            return True
        return False

    def is_valid_turn(self, cell):
        if self.state[cell] == 0:
            return True
        else:
            return False

    def check_win(self, player):
        s = player.symbol
        if self.state[0] == s and self.state[1] == s and self.state[2] == s:
            return True
        elif self.state[3] == s and self.state[4] == s and self.state[5] == s:
            return True
        elif self.state[6] == s and self.state[7] == s and self.state[8] == s:
            return True

        elif self.state[0] == s and self.state[3] == s and self.state[6] == s:
            return True
        elif self.state[1] == s and self.state[4] == s and self.state[7] == s:
            return True
        elif self.state[2] == s and self.state[5] == s and self.state[8] == s:
            return True

        elif self.state[0] == s and self.state[4] == s and self.state[8] == s:
            return True
        elif self.state[2] == s and self.state[4] == s and self.state[6] == s:
            return True

    def is_full(self):
        for i in self.state:
            if i == 0:
                return False
        return True

    def sign_to_printable(self, sign):
        if sign == 0:
            return " "
        elif sign == 1:
            return "X"
        else:
            return "O"

    def print_board(self):
        print(" " + self.sign_to_printable(self.state[0]) + " | " + self.sign_to_printable(self.state[1]) + " | " + self.sign_to_printable(self.state[2]) + " \n" +
              " " + self.sign_to_printable(self.state[3]) + " | " + self.sign_to_printable(self.state[4]) + " | " + self.sign_to_printable(self.state[5]) + " \n" +
              " " + self.sign_to_printable(self.state[6]) + " | " + self.sign_to_printable(self.state[7]) + " | " + self.sign_to_printable(self.state[8]) + " \n")


class Player:
    def __init__(self, symbol):
        self.symbol = symbol


if __name__ == '__main__':
    player_a = Player(1)
    player_b = Player(-1)
    board = Board()
    active_player = player_a
    while not board.is_full():
        board.print_board()
        try:
            cell = int(input("Where do you want to place your sign? [1-9]"))
        except ValueError:
            continue
        cell = cell - 1
        if cell < 0 or cell > 8:
            print("Please enter a number between 1 and 9")
            continue
        if not board.make_turn(cell, active_player):
            print("Invalid Move")
            continue

        if board.check_win(active_player):
            print("You wonnered! GW.")
            break

        if …
IT, programmieren, Informatik, Programmiersprache, Python, Instanz, Python 3, Objektorientierte Programmierung
2 Antworten
Frage
von CodeSnake
07.04.2023, 16:18
**kwargs in __init__() Methode und "self" in Python?

Hey Leute,

ich habe heute begonnen, Kivy zu lernen. Kivy ist ein Python Framework, für plattformübergreifende Apps. Ich bin allerdings noch ein Anfänger in Python und da man für Kivy OOP beherrschen muss. Habe ich mir eben ein paar Tutorials angeschaut und das Konzept von Klassen auch verstanden und schon etwas geübt. Auch das "self" eine Referenz auf die aktuelle Instanz ist habe ich kapiert. Aber wieso kann man aus einer Methode auf die Instanzvariablen nur zugreifen, wenn vor diesen "self" steht?

Und meine zweite Frage ist, wozu bei der Initialisierung der __init__() Methode manchmal noch so ein **kwargs steht. Also hier mal ein Beispielcode:

class MyGrid(GridLayout):

  def __init__(self, **kwargs):

    super().__init__(**kwargs)

    self.word_list = ["python", "java", "ruby", "javascript"]

    self.guess_word = []

    self.secret_word = ""

    self.remaining_guesses = 6

    self.img_path = "img/hangman_{}.png"

    self.create_game_layout()

    self.new_game()

Das ist jetzt mal nur die __init__() Methode einer MyGrid Klasse die von GridLayout erbt.

Ach ja. Was dieses "super()" bedeutet habe ich auch nicht so ganz verstanden.

Ich wäre sehr sehr dankbar wenn mir jemand helfen könnte. Denn ich will für eine Projektarbeit im Informatikunterricht umbedingt eine Android Kivy App für Hangman programmieren. Aber dafür muss ich diese Themen erst einmal verstehen.

LG Code Snake

Programmiersprache, Python, Instanz, Python 3, Objektorientierte Programmierung, App Programmieren
3 Antworten

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